a young monk holds up ancient scrolls while passionately arguing with senior church officials. His posture is confident as he points to different passages that support his alternative interpretation. The traditional bishops and abbots step backward with shocked expressions on their faces. Their comfortable assumptions about doctrine are being directly challenged by these new ideas. Other monks gather around listening intently, some nodding thoughtfully while others look concerned. The senior clergy shake their heads disapprovingly at these unconventional teachings. beliefs or opinions that differ from accepted or traditional doctrines