a veterinarian carefully examines a golden retriever's ears with a small flashlight while holding examination tools. She observes the dog's symptoms including red irritated skin and the pet's uncomfortable head shaking. Based on what she sees during the examination, she reaches for specific ear medication from the nearby shelf. Her confident expression shows she has identified the problem from the clear signs. A concerned pet owner watches nearby as the vet explains her findings through gestures. making a judgment based on observed evidence as a basis for determining the right treatment